Best Room Heater’s In India 2022, Best Oil Heaters and Low Price Heaters

Winter is around the corner and it is time to be ready to face it. As Air conditioner has become an essential appliance in summer, room heaters are certainly necessary for winter seasons. Today I’ve come up with the List of top 5 best room heaters in India available in the various price range that you can buy online or offline. If you are looking for a cozy and comfortable winter, you must check out our suggested list of best oil heater under 10000 and under 15000 price range. 

If you are searching for low budget best heater under 5000 for your room or home, don’t you worry about that. I have also mentioned the list of budget range best heater here at top. For lowest price room heater’s best models, read below.

For best oil filled radiator (OFR) heaters ( Best PTC fan radiators), you can directly jump to:

  1. Best oil heaters under 10000
  2. Best heater for room under 15000 (Here in this list you will find best oil filled room heaters comes with 13 fins, I must tell you these are the best models, out of all the ones that I didn’t choose here)

Top 5 Best Room Heaters In India With Price In 2022

Room heaters are some of the essential appliances for every household in winter. These products provide you with cozy and comfortable winters. Today I’ve come up with the top room heaters that you can buy online or offline in India’s market. These room heaters perform well in every aspect. I’ve discussed the pros and cons and final verdict as well as its specifications so that you can buy the best room heater as per your requirements.

Best Room Heaters in India, Price Under Rs. 3000 (Budget Range)

Table could not be displayed.

1. Bajaj Majesty RX 11 Majesty RX 11 Fan Room Heater

Which room heaters are best to buy online

Bajaj Majesty RX 11 is a budget fan room heater priced a little less than Rs.3000. This Bajaj room heater consumes between 1000 watts and 2000 watts of electricity depending on its heat setting. Being a budget room heater, this device has a basic performance with minimal features but works great. This Bajaj Fan room heater is very compact and easy to carry as it comes with built in Handle. Furthermore, this room heater is very compact and lightweight and has International Design and Styling on his body. This Bajaj room heater can also be used as a personal fan in summer. This makes it a multipurpose room heater which can be used in every season. Due to its small and compact size this is the best room heater for baby room. Loaded with features and good design, this is one of the best room heaters in India at lowest price possible.

This Bajaj Majesty RX11 is convenient as well as safe to use.  This Fan Heater comes with triple safety assurance. It comes with Overheat protection, Thermostat, Auto Thermal Cutout and Thermal Fuse. Furthermore, convenience features like Cool Touch Housing and Adjustable Thermostat makes it one of the best room heater in India. Backed by good brand and impressive design, this is the best room heater for winter.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Good build quality
  2. Easy to carry around
  3. Adjustable thermostat
  4. Work as a fan in summer

Cons:-

  1. Not electricity efficient
  2. Slow heating being small in Size

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

This Blower room heater by Bajaj is a decent purchase for someone looking for a personal heater. It is easy to carry around and is lightweight. Build quality is also decent. Overall, considering its price the performance of this device is fine. It is one of the best room heater in India at this price range.


2. Usha Heat Convector 812 Fan Room Heater

best room heater in india in budget

Usha Heat Converter 812 is a basic simple room heater priced around Rs.2500. This Usha room heater consumes around 2000 watts of electricity and comes with three heating position. Furthermore, this fan room heater is very small and compact in size. It is easy to carry around and circulate hot air perfectly at larger areas. Being a little smaller in size, this room heater is very lightweight and easy to carry. This room heater is also a perfect buy if you have small baby in your house and want something convenient enough to use  and carry around. The height of heater can also be adjusted which further adds up to your convenience.

Usha Heat Convector 812 Fan Room heater comes with basic look and nothing attractive. This room heater has two fan speed options that allow you to adjust the temperature very precisely.  This Fan heater also comes with Overheat protection and auto rotation features.  Being a simple affordable fan room heater with decent function and good brand value makes it one of the best room heater in India.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Brand Value
  2. Compact and small
  3. Adjustable heating position
  4. Decent Build

Cons:-

  1. Basic look
  2. Consumes high electricity

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

This room heater by Usha has a basic design and not looks fancy. Performance of this room heater is fine. Build quality and working is good. At this price range, if someone is looking for a simple room heater with decent performance, it is the best room heater in India for them.


3. Usha Steam Heater SH 3508H Quartz Room Heater

Best Room Heater in India

Usha Steam Heater SH 3508H is another great budget quartz room heater by Usha. This room heater price around Rs.2500 is a decent room heater at budget range. This is a quartz type room heater and comes with tip over switch and overheats protection. With a consumption of just 800 watts of electricity, this is a budget friendly room heater.  This heater is very easy to use. You can just plug it in and it will do the work. This room heater does not produce any noise and perform very well. Not being a fan heater, it will take some time to heat a room as compared to Fan or blower heater for room.

Usha Steam Heater SH 3508H quartz room heater is a portable electric heater. It is convenient to use and has a compact structure. This room heater is ideal room heater for kids and babies as it produce no noise. It doesn’t throw hot air directly, rather increases the temperature of the entire surrounding. This makes it one of the best room heater for winter in India that you can buy online.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Good build quality
  2. Energy efficient
  3. Noiseless operation
  4. Easy to use

Cons:-

  1. Takes time to heat up

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

This electric room heater is another great budget room heater in India by Usha. This is a halogen room heater and consumes less electricity as compared to other heaters in this list. If you are looking for a decent room heater that is also energy efficient and budget friendly, this is the best room heater in India that you can buy.


4. Morphy Richards Orbit PTC Heater Fan Room Heater

blower room heater for winter

Morphy Richards Orbit PTC Heater price around Rs3000 is a budget fan heater. It consumes around 2000 watts and is the heaviest room heater among the lot. It has a plastic grille material and the body material consist of plastic as well as metal. This Morphy Richards room heater has a noiseless operation and is relatively compact heater. Due to its heavy weight, it is not easy to carry around. This Fan room heater allows you to adjust the flow of air. You can keep it high, low, medium as per your requirement. It comes with two rotary switches for easy function.  It can be mounted on the top of the table or can be placed on the ground as per your convenience.

Morphy Richards Orbit PTC Fan heater is relatively larger and heavier as compared to other products at this category. It is well built and compact however due to its weight not so easy to carry around.  This Fan heater comes with two years of domestic warranty  and is compact with few safety and convenience features. It has a tip over switch, overheat protection along with power indicator and noiseless operation.  Considering its price and performance this is certainly one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online from any e commerce sites.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Good build
  2. Decent performance
  3. Adjustable air flow
  4. Compact body

Cons:-

  1. Very heavy considering its size
  2. Not energy efficient

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

Morphy Richards Orbit PTC room heater is quiet heavy room heater and is certainly not energy efficient. Despite these flaws, the working of this device is good and the build quality impressive. Overall, this room heater is a great room heater at this price range. With excellent performance and sturdy design, this is one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online.


5. Usha 3303 Halogen Room Heater

best heater for room in india

Usha 3303 is a Halogen Room heater priced a little extra than Rs. 2500. This room heater consumes around 1200 watts of electricity. This room heater has three long Halogen tubes and provides uninterrupted heating. Furthermore it is relatively lightweight and has a compact potable body. This allows you to place this heater to any corner of your room and enjoys the uniform heating. The Body of this refrigerator is designed to stay cool even while working. Due to its wide angle oscillation the heat is evenly distributed to larger areas of room. This Halogen Room heater comes with a long power cord so you don’t have to worry about the space or the place of your power socket.

Usha 3303 Room heater has a tip over switch for extra safety. It also comes with overheat protection and touch sensor which makes it much safer to use.  This Room heater comes with oval base that provide stability on any horizontal surface. The reflector of this halogen room heater is durable which further enhances its value. Performing great in every aspect this is certainly one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Energy efficient
  2. Good build quality
  3. Wide angle oscillation
  4. Lightweight and compact

Cons:-

  1. Takes time to heat
  2. lot of light is emmited

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

This room heater by Usha is a great budget halogen room heater. It has decent build quality and working is also fine. Being a halogen heater, it takes time to heat the surrounding as compared to fan heaters. However, excelling in performance this is certainly one of the best room heater in India.


Best Heaters For Room Under 10000 Price (Best Oil Heaters In India)

Table could not be displayed.

1. Morphy Richards OFR 09F without Fan Oil Filled Room Heater

best room heater India

Morphy Richards 09F OFR is a great mid- ranged room heater priced around Rs. 9000. This oil filled room heater consumes around 2000  watts of electricity and weight around 14 KG. This room heater comes with 9 Fins and comes with Castor wheels with mounting plate for easy mobility. This room heater is bigger in size and provides fast heating. It is slightly electricity consuming and can cost little extra for your comfort. This oil filled heater produce no sound and heat the surrounding within minutes. However, being a basic model with no fan, this ORF is not as well performing as one can expect from a high end Room Heaters.

Morphy Richards 09F ORF doesn’t look that much attractive however performs perfectly fine as per its cost. The functioning of this device is very simple. This room Heater does not consist of any impressive feature and is a basic Oil filled Room heater with decent function.  With minimal costing and decent performance this is certainly one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Fast heating
  2. Noiseless operation
  3. Easy to use
  4. Comes with castor wheels for mobility

Cons:-

  1. Fan is not present
  2. Lack of features
  3. Not energy efficient

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

Oil filled Room heaters are new types of heaters which are right now in demand. This OFR by Morphy Richards is a great room heater and performs perfectly fine. Being a base model, it is certainly lacks additional features. The heating is fast. If you are looking for a budget oil filled room heater this is the best room heater in India that you can buy online.


2. Morphy Richards OFR 11F Oil Filled Room Heater

best oil heater in India

Morphy Richards 11F OFR is another great Heater by Morphy Richards at mid- range. This room heater is priced around Rs.10000 and weight around 18 kg.  This room heater features thirteen radiator fins that ensure good heating.  This Oil filled Heater also features fan heater and adjustable thermostat to maintain the desired room temperature during winters. The Castor wheel at the bottom provides good mobility despite its heavy weight. This room heater has a fast performance and silent operation. The Build quality of the product is also impressive and overall design is fine. This Morphy Richards OFR consumes around 2900 watts of electricity so be sure for high electricity bills. This is not a budget friendly as it consumes more electricity than many of its counterpart. As a result of High electricity consumption, the working of this device is very fast.

Morphy Richards 11F Oiled filled refrigerator comes with 2 years manufacturing warranty and performs well. The overall structure is sturdy and compact. It comes with safety features like Tip Over switch and Overheat protection. Excelling in performance, build quality, brand value and basic features, this is certainly one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Good build quality
  2. Adjustable thermostat
  3. Castor wheels for mobility
  4. Fast heating

Cons:-

  1. Consumes high electricity
  2. Touch sensor not present

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

This Oil Filled room heater by Morphy Richards is a good room heater at this price range. The quality of the product is impressive and performance is good. This room heater has a fast heating. Excelling in every aspect this is certainly one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online.


3. Usha OFR 3811 F Oil Filled Room Heater

best room heater in india to buy

Usha is a well known brand for every Indian Household. The Usha OFR 3811 Oil Filled refrigerator cost around Rs.10000. This Room heater consumes around 2300 watts and is a bit expensive in terms of your daily Electricity usage. However, if you use a good AC in summer, adding an OFR in your house for winter is an intelligent choice.  The consumption of electricity will not vary. This Oil Filled Room heater comes with 11 fins which are power coated for rust prevention. This increases the durability of the product. It is an auto revolving heater and comes with nylon castor wheels at the bottom for easy maneuvering. The power chord of the device is long which adds up to our convenience while installing.

Usha OFR 3811 Oil Filled refrigerator comes with a metallic black fin cover for protection which enhances its look. This Usha Oil Filled refrigerator comes with safety features like Tip Over switch and overhead protection. Furthermore, it comes with convenience features like Easy to carry handle and Adjustable thermostat to control heating requirement.  With decent looks, impressive performance and basic features this is certainly one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online form any ecommerce sites.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Good build quality
  2. Fast heating
  3. Silent operation
  4. Value of Money

Cons:-

  1. Consumes high electricity
  2. No touch sensor

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

This Usha Room heater has a decent performance and has  a brand value. The performance of the device is good and builds quality decent. Being an expensive room heater at this range, it consists of some decent features and looks good. If you are looking for a good OFR this is the best room heater in India for you.

No products found.


4. Orpat Room Heater OOH-9F-Plus Climate Control Oil Heater

Orpat room heater OOH-9F-Plus oil heater comes with PTC ceramic heating element with motor for faster heating Adjustable Thermostat to Maintain Desired Room Temperature. It is  priced just a little extra than Rs.8000. This Room heater is one of the cheapest room heater in this category. It consumes around 1200 watts which is relatively lower than the other room heaters. The overall heating is fast and this machine is easy to use. This room heater comes with wide angle oscillation for warmer experience. The body of the heater remains cool to avoid any injury or damage, especially if you have children in your house. This room heater comes with three long halogen tubes which provide effective heating. It is relatively light weighted and comes with handle for easy portability. The base of this room heater is of oval shape which provides better stability.

The overall design of the Orpat OCH1420 carbon room heater is good and the body is compact. Build quality is also decent. There is no tip over switch, but it comes with touch sensor and overheat protection which makes it a safe heater to use. Considering its price and performance, it certainly fits in the category of budget room heater. Performing well in every aspect, this is certainly one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Lightweight and Compact body
  2. Energy efficient
  3. Touch sensor and overheat protection

Cons:-

  1. No tip over switch
  2. Slow heating

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

This is the cheapest Mid range room heater. This room heater by Orpat is a great budget room heater with decent performance. It is certainly a best heater for room. If you are looking for a decent room heater with impressive body, good performance and easy to carry, this is the best room heater in India for you.

No products found.


5. Orient Room Heater OFCC11F Oil Filled Best Room Heater

top 10 best room heater in india

Orient OFCC11F Oil Filled Room heater is price in India around Rs.9000. This Oil filled Room heater comes with eleven metal fins and consumes around 2900 watts. Certainly not an energy efficient device, it cost a little bit extra in your electricity bills. Furthermore, it comes with three heating positions and additional 400W PTC heater with fan. At the bottom of this room heater castor wheels are present for movements. Orient room heater has Cord storage facility and inbuilt handle that can adds up to your convenience. The build quality of the product is also impressive and looks relatively better than the other counterparts present in this list. This room heater is a bit expensive yet if you use AC in summer this room heater is a must buy for winter.

Orient OFCC11F convector heater is ISL approved that ensures the quality of the product. It also has an adjustable thermostat which help you while setting the temperature. Furthermore, features like 360 degrees overheat protection, Triple over heat protection and Built in Humidifier makes it a great purchase at this price range. Performing well in every aspect, this is certainly one of the best air purifier in India that you can purchase.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Good build quality
  2. Impressive design
  3. Adjustable thermostat
  4. Built-in humidifier

Cons:-

  1. Not energy efficient
  2. Touch sensor not present

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

This room heater by Orient is a great OFR under this price segment. The heating is fast and build quality is impressive. It certainly not lack behind in safety and convenience features. Considering it price and performance this is certainly one of the best room  heater in India that you can buy online.

No products found.


Best Room Heaters in India, Best Oil Heater’s Price under 15000

Table could not be displayed.

1. Bajaj Majesty Rh 13f plus Oil Filled Room Heater

Best room heater in India with price

Bajaj Majesty Rh 13f Plus is a oil filled room heater priced little bit more than Rs.13000. This room heater consumes just 1000 watts which is much less then some of mid range and low range room heaters.  Being an expensive appliance, in a long run you will save money in your electricity bills. This Bajaj room heater comes with an international design and styling and performs well. This ORF room heater by Bajaj has three heat settings and provides noiseless operation. This room heater does not requires any refrigerant or oxygen as a result provides Neat & Clean Operation. This Room heater weight around 16 kg and therefore Castor wheel are present at bottom for easy mobility.

Bajaj Majesty Rh 13f Plus room heater has a sturdy build and is compact room heater. This Bajaj room heater comes with two years of warranty and also provides Quadra Safety Assurance.  This room heater comes with Thermostat, Manual thermal cutout, Auto Thermal Cutout, overheat protection and Safety tilt switch which provides safety to device as well as its users. Being one of the expensive devices, it is certainly better in every aspect from its lower range companions. This makes it one of the best room heater that you can buy online in India from any e commerce sites.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Energy efficient
  2. Good build quality
  3. Compact with safety features
  4. Value of Money

Cons:-

  1. Touch sensor not present
  2. Tip over switch absent

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

This oil heater by Bajaj is a great room heater despite its high price. It is energy efficient thus in a long run you will save more money in your bills. The build quality and performance of this room heater is impressive which makes it the best oil heater in India. a If you are looking for a good quality oil filled room heater  with  good performance, this is the best room heater in India for you.


2. Orient OFCC13 Oil Filled Room Heater

top 5 best room heater in india

Orient OFCC13 is a great oil filled Room heater priced around 10000. This room heater comes with 9 metal Fins with Fan and consumes around 2400 watts. This Orient Room Heater is the cheapest Room heater in this category and certainly not energy efficient. This orient room heater comes with three heating positions along with additional 400W PTC heater with fan. It result in fast heating and control over the temperature as per your requirement. Furthermore, Power light indicator, Cord storage facility and inbuilt handle provision provide convenience with this product.  At the bottom of this room heater Castor wheels are present for mobility which makes it easy to move around despite its heavy weight. Considering its price and performance makes it one of the best room heater in India.

Orient OFO906F Oil filled room heater has decent build quality and impressive performance. Features like 360 degrees overheat protection, Triple over heat protection and Adjustable thermostat for temperature setting makes it a decent room heater. Loaded with features and performing well makes it a decent purchase despite its high electricity consumption. This is certainly one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Good Build quality
  2. 360 degrees overheat protection
  3. Fast heating
  4. Loaded with decent features

Cons:-

  1. Not electricity efficient
  2. Touch sensor not present

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

Orient room heater has a great build quality and impressive design. This room heater has fast heating and overall performance is good. It is easy to use and has a great performance. If you are looking for a well build room heater with decent performance, this is the best room heater that you can buy online in India.


3. Borosil Volcano BOFR-13-F Oil Filled Room Heater

Buy room heaters online

Borosil Volcano room heater BOFR-13-F is a decently designed oil filled radiator room heater comes with handle support at front and back both. It is priced around Rs.12000 to Rs. 13000 in India. This room heater comes with eleven metallic fins with fan for uniform and fast heating. It comes with Powder coated fins for rust prevention. This Borosil Volcano Room heater consumes around 2900 watts when runs on full fan speed and high power setting,  which makes it a bit expensive product in terms of your electricity consumption. At the bottom of this heater, present long lasting nylon castor wheels which provide mobility to this device despite its heavy weight.  The World class oil grade ED/ HD 300 is present in this heater for better performance. It produce no noise while working and heating is very fast. Overall the Borosil Volcano room heater BOFR-13-F, is one of the best room heater in India (best oil heater in India) that you can buy online.

Borosil Volcano room heater BOFR-13-F comes with good build quality and decent design. It is compact and is relatively easy to use. This room heater comes with adjustable thermostat to control heating requirement. Furthermore, this Borosil room heater comes with inbuilt tilt switch to cancel operation and overheating protection for safety. Available in two colour, this room heater is certainly one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Impressive design
  2. Good build quality
  3. Durable product
  4. Value of Money

Cons:-

  1. Consumes a lot of electricity
  2. Touch sensor not present

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

With a good brand value, this is a great room heater in India that you can buy online. This room heater has a good build quality and fast performance. Overall, with excellent design and good quality performance this is certainly one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online.


4. Havells Room Heater OFR13 Wave Fin, PTC Fan Oil Filled Radiator

Best room heater in India

Havells OFR13 Wave fin is an impressive Oil filled room heater price a little extra than Rs.10000 in India. Available in Black color, this room heater comes with 2900 wattage heating power capacity. This Havells room heater comes with 13 metallic wave designed fins and a PTC fan for uniform and fast heating. Furthermore, this Havells room heater also features long lasting nylon castor wheels at the bottom which makes it easy to move despite its heavy weight. Havells OFR also features oscillation function that helps in delivering multi directional heating thus enhancing its efficiency. The build quality of the product is also impressive. Combined with impressive features, good build and brand value makes it one of the best room heater in India. A brand like Havells is also good at after sales service, as it has already established its presence in many parts of India.

Havells OFR 13 wave Fin oil heater, performs well in every aspect and looks good as well. The mix of black and golden colour at the front enhances its performance. Havells PTC fan heater present in this heater comes with a dust filter. It prevents dust from entering and can be cleaned frequently as per your convenience.  The plastic body remains cool during the functioning, to avoid any accidents. This Havells OFR room heater come with tilt over switch which provides extra safety at home. It also has Thermostatic heat control and Ease to use 3 power settings. Combined with impressive features, good performance and decent looks makes it one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Great build quality
  2. Fast heating
  3. Easy to use
  4. Value of money

Cons:-

  1. Not energy efficient
  2. Touch sensor not present

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

Havells room heater has a well build quality and performs fine. It has a good overall performance and has a decent functioning. Easy to use and loaded with safety features it is certainly one of the best room heater in India that you can buy online. It has fast heating and excels in every aspect. This is certainly a best buy.


5. Warmex Room Heater Junior Cera H2O, PTC Heater & Humidifier

best room heater in india

Warmex junior cera H2O room heater is a futuristic looking, compact room heater priced between 10000 and 15000 in India. This room heater has a unique design and comes with a humidifier. In this you will get separate control for Heater & Humidifier. It has tower body and comes with PTC Ceramic Heating Element. The good thing about this room heater is that we can set desired temperature in it from 10 to 35 degree Celsius. It is certainly most attractive & best room heater that you can buy online. This fan room heater comes with two heat settings, digital display and a remote control. These traits makes it a convenient and technologically advanced room heater. It has sleek tower design and on the base 10mm toughened glass base is present which provide great stability. Furthermore, its 80° wide oscillation radius along with noiseless oscillation makes it an efficient and a decent room heater at this price range.

Warmex PTC  Fan heater is certainly looks aesthetically pleasing and enhance the décor of your house. The heating is fast and its LED digital display and finger touch sensor makes it an excellent purchase at this price range. Safety features like Tip-over Switch, Overheat Protection and Touch Sensor makes it a great room heater for every household. The remote control provide convenience for adjusting the temperature  without using your feet. Impressive performance, good aesthetics and convenience, this room heater excels in every aspect. This makes it the best room heater in India that you can buy online.

PROS & CONS

Pros:-

  1. Comes with WIND SELECTION: Cool / Warm / Hot
  2. Led display and touch sensor
  3. Eco Smart Function Maintains Room Temperature
  4. Loaded with safety features

Cons:-

  1. Good for only: small 100 to 130 sq feet area
  2. Not good for heavy winter season, Not good for high cold areas

No products found.

Final Verdict:-

This room heater has a futuristic design and aesthetically pleasing looks. Loaded with impressive features and touch sensors, it is certainly a great addition to your house décor. Excelling in looks and performance this is certainly a great fan room heater that you can buy online in India.

NOTE: You may also looking for buying another best home or kitchen appliance and electronic gadgets, please check out these:

 

  1. Best inverter ac in India
  2. Best washing machine under 15000
  3. For Winters: Best geyser in India
  4. Best TV under 30000
  5. Best digital camera under 10000

These room heaters are some of the best heaters that you can buy. By discussing about pros and cons of each individual heater I’ve tried to answer which room heater is best. You can buy heater online and enjoy great discounts. Go through with each individual product and find which room heaters are best for you.

Leave a Comment

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.